Sexual Minorities and Exploitation

Children of color are not the only minority targeted for exploitation. Sexual minority (LGBTQQI) minors living on the street are particularly vulnerable to sexual exploitation. In terms of victimization, sexual minorities were physically and sexually victimized by seven more people than heterosexual homeless youth. According to the articles below, homeless youth are at heightened risk for many risky behaviors, such as drug use, alcohol dependence, suicide ideation and attempts, sexual promiscuity, and prostitution - and it is documented that the LGBTQQI contingency's risk is even higher. It is thought that the prevalence of these behaviors in this community is due to high levels physical and sexual victimization before and after they are on the street. The incidence of sexual minority youth running away from home, being kicked out of their home, and dropping out of school are much higher than their heterosexual counterparts. It is important that social service agencies know how to connect with the youth LGBTQQI community, and how to meet their specific needs and concerns.

Sexual Health Risks and Protective Resources in Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Homeless Youth

Lynn Rew, Tiffany A. Whittaker, Margaret A. Taylor-Seehafer, Lorie R. Smith

Issues and purpose. To compare sexual health risks and protective resources of homeless adolescents self-identified as gay (G), lesbian (L), or bisexual (B), with those self-identified as heterosexual, and to determine the differences between these two groups and the differences within the GLB group.

Design and methods. A secondary analysis of survey data collected from a nonprobability sample of 425 homeless adolescents between 16 and 20 years of age.

Results. Sexual health risks and protective resources differed between those self-identified as GLB and those self-identified as heterosexual. More G/L youth reported a history of sexual abuse and being tested and treated for HIV, and more scored lower on the assertive communication measure than did bisexual or heterosexual youth. Moreover, there were gender differences within the GLB group; more males than females self-identified as homosexual and more females than males self-identified as bisexual.

Practice implications. Sexual health interventions for this population should be both gender- and sexual orientation-specific.

To purchase full article, go to: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1088-145X.2005.00003.x/full

Rew, L., Whittaker, T.A., Taylor-Seehafer, M.A., & Smith, L.R. (2005). Sexual health risks and protective resources in gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual homeless youth. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 10(1), 11-19.

A Comparison of Risk Factors for Sexual Victimization Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Homeless Young Adults

Tyler, Kimberly A.

Abstract:

Although high rates of sexual victimization have been reported among homeless youth, less is known about whether the risk factors vary for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth compared to heterosexual youth. Based on a sample of 172 homeless young adults ages 19 to 26, results revealed that depressive symptoms, prostitution, and having friends who traded sex were significantly associated with higher levels of sexual victimization. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual young adults experienced more sexual victimization compared to heterosexual young adults. A test for interactions revealed that the effect of sexual orientation on sexual victimization was moderated by trading sex and having friends who traded sex. Finally, there is support for partial mediation of the effects of sexual abuse, neglect, and depressive symptoms on sexual victimization through other risk factors.

To purchase full article, go to: http://www.ingentaconnect.com...

Tyler, K.A. (2008). A comparison of risk factors for sexual victimization among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual homeless young adults. Violence and Victims, 23(5), 586-602.

Peer Victimization, Social Support, and Psychosocial Adjustment of Sexual Minority Adolescents

Trish Williams, Jennifer Connolly, Debra Pepler and Wendy Craig

Abstract

The present study examined the link between sexual orientation and adjustment in a community sample of 97 sexual minority (gay male, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning) high school students, taking into account their experiences of peer victimization and social support within peer and family contexts. Adolescents were identified in a large-scale survey study conducted at 5 high schools. They were matched to a comparison sample of their heterosexual peers. Sexual minority adolescents reported more externalizing behaviors and depression symptoms than heterosexual youth. Compared to their heterosexual peers, sexual minority youth reported more sexual harassment, more bullying, less closeness with their mothers, and less companionship with their best friends. There were no significant differences between gay male, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning adolescents. Overall, both victimization and social support mediated the link between sexual orientation and psychosocial symptoms. Among sexual minority youth, the link between social support and externalizing was mediated by experiences of peer victimization. These findings highlight the contextual risk and protective factors associated with non-heterosexual sexual orientation in accounting for the emotional and behavioral problems in this population.

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Williams, T., Connolly, J., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2005). Peer victimization, social support, and psychosocial adjustment of sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 471-482.

Challenges Faced by Homeless Sexual Minorities: Comparison of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Homeless Adolescents With Their Heterosexual Counterparts

Bryan N. Cochran, MS, Angela J. Stewart, BA, Joshua A. Ginzler, PhD and Ana Mari Cauce, PhD

Objectives. The goal of this study was to identify differences between gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) homeless youths and their heterosexual counterparts in terms of physical and mental health difficulties.

Methods. A sample of 84 GLBT adolescents was matched in regard to age and self-reported gender with 84 heterosexual adolescents. The 2 samples were compared on a variety of psychosocial variables.

Results. GLBT adolescents left home more frequently, were victimized more often, used highly addictive substances more frequently, had higher rates of psychopathology, and had more sexual partners than heterosexual adolescents.

Conclusions. Homeless youths who identify themselves as members of sexual minority groups are at increased risk for negative outcomes. Recommendations for treatment programs and implications for public health are discussed.

To access full article, go to: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447160/

Cochran, B.N., Stewart, A.S., Ginzler, J.A., & Cauce, A.M. (2002). Challenges faced by homeless sexual minorities: Comparison of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender homeless adolescents with their heterosexual counterparts. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 773-777.

Perpetrators of early physical and sexual abuse among homeless and runaway adolescents

Kimberly A. Tyler and Ana Mari Cauce

Objective: To examine abuse specific variables among homeless and runaway adolescents and to look at perpetrators of childhood abuse.

Method: A total of 372 homeless and runaway adolescents were interviewed using a systematic sampling strategy in metropolitan Seattle. Young people were interviewed on the streets and in shelters by outreach workers in youth service agencies.

Results: Approximately one-half of these young people reported being physically abused and almost one-third experienced sexual abuse. Females experienced significantly higher rates of sexual abuse compared to males, and sexual minority youth experienced significantly higher rates of physical and sexual abuse compared to heterosexual youth. Average duration of physical and sexual abuse was 5 and 2 years, respectively. Both types of abuse were rated as extremely violent by more than half of those who were abused. The average number of different perpetrators of physical and sexual abuse was four and three, respectively. Biological parents were the majority of perpetrators for physical abuse whereas nonfamily members most often perpetrated sexual abuse. Average age of perpetrators was late 20s to early 30s and the majority of perpetrators were male for both types of abuse.

Conclusions: The pattern of exploitation and victimization within the family may have serious and cumulative developmental consequences for these youth as they enter the street environment. Early intervention programs are needed to break the cycle of exploitation and abuse that adolescents experience within the family. Without intervention, many of these youth may be at risk of future exploitation and re-victimization out on the street.

To purchase full article, go to: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science...

Tyler, K.A. and Cauce, A.M. (2002). Perpetrators of early physical and sexual abuse among homeless and runaway adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(12), 1261-1274.

Police Treatment of Child Sex Workers: Victim or Criminal? (Lit Review)

Summary: The articles below examines police reports on child sex trade from various cities across the United States. At the time they were written, none of the cities examined (and very few cities nationally) had any laws or policies regarding the treatment of underage prostitutes as victims, not criminals. As I have mentioned elsewhere, there is an age of consent law in every state (somewhere from 16-18 years old). According to those laws, underage prostitutes are being raped by their customers. They cannot consent to having sex with their customers, so how can they be guilty of selling sex? Yet, according to the first article below, 40% of the youth in question (out of a sample pool of 126) were treated as criminals rather than victims. The youth in the second article were treated more harshly: only 31% were treated as victims, and 16% were treated as victims and criminals. The youth in the third article were treated as criminals and victim at about a 50%/50% split. In the cases where those in question are treated as criminals, laws against prostitution trumped age of consent laws. There were several factors that seemed to influence how the individual was categorized. When their exploiter (pimp) was present or easily tracked, the individual was often treated as a victim. When the individual was "not local" (personally, I read into this that "not local" is code for immigrant or person of color), they were often treated as a criminal. The author provides ideas for best practice, which include training police officers to spot sexual exploitation of minors and treat them as such.

Factors That Influence Police Conceptualizations of Girls Involved in Prostitution in Six U.S. Cities: Child Sexual Exploitation Victims or Delinquents?Stephanie Halter

1. 1. Plymouth State University, New Hampshire, sjhalter02@plymouth.edu

Abstract

This study examined how the police conceptualize juveniles involved in prostitution as victims of child sexual exploitation (CSE) or delinquents. Case files from six police agencies in major U.S. cities of 126 youth allegedly involved in prostitution, who were almost entirely girls, provided the data for this inquiry. This study found that 60% of youth in this sample were conceptualized as victims by the police and 40% as offenders. Logistic regression predicted the youths’ culpability status as victims. The full model predicted 91% of youth’s culpability status correctly and explained 67% of the variance in the youths’ culpability status. The police considered youth with greater levels of cooperation, greater presence of identified exploiters, no prior record, and that came to their attention through a report more often as victims. In addition, the police may consider local youth more often as victims. It appears that the police use criminal charges as a paternalistic protective response to detain some of the youth treated as offenders, even though they considered these youth victims. Legislatively mandating this form of CSE as child abuse or adopting a ‘‘secure care’’ approach is needed to ensure these youth receive the necessary treatment and services.

To purchase full article, go to:

http://cmx.sagepub.com/content/15/2/152.abstract

Conceptualizing Juvenile Prostitution as Child Maltreatment: Findings from the National Juvenile Prostitution Study (Child Maltreatment)

Kimberly J. Mitchell

1. David Finkelhor
2. Janis Wolak

1. Abstract

Two studies were conducted to identify the incidence (Study 1) and characteristics (Study 2) of juvenile prostitution cases known to law enforcement agencies in the United States. Study 1 revealed a national estimate of 1,450 arrests or detentions (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1,287—1,614) in cases involving juvenile prostitution during a 1-year period. In Study 2, exploratory data were collected from a subsample of 138 cases from police records in 2005. The cases are broadly categorized into three main types: (a) third-party exploiters, (b) solo prostitution, and (c) conventional child sexual abuse (CSA) with payment. Cases were classified into three initial categories based on police orientation toward the juvenile: (a) juveniles as victims (53%), (b) juveniles as delinquents (31%), and (c) juvenile as both victims and delinquents (16%). When examining the status of the juveniles by case type, the authors found that all the juveniles in CSA with payment cases were treated as victims, 66% in third-party exploiters cases, and 11% in solo cases. Findings indicate law enforcement responses to juvenile prostitution are influential in determining whether such youth are viewed as victims of commercial sexual exploitation or as delinquents.

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http://cmx.sagepub.com/content/15/1/18.short

Conceptualizing Juvenile Prostitution as Child Maltreatment: Findings from the National Juvenile Prostitution Study

Jeremy M. Wilson

1. 1. RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA

1. Erin Dalton
   1. RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA

Abstract

This analysis explores the extent and characteristics of human trafficking in Columbus and Toledo, Ohio, including the response to the problem by law enforcement agencies. Through a content analysis of newspaper accounts and interviews with criminal justice officials and social service providers in each city, the authors identified 10 cases of juvenile sex trafficking and forced prostitution in Toledo and 5 cases of trafficking for the forced labor of noncitizens in Columbus. The offenders and victims involved in the sex trafficking cases were largely from the local area, whereas those involved in the labor trafficking cases primarily involved foreign nationals, thereby illustrating at least one role the heartland plays in transnational crime. The authors compare the different responses to human trafficking in the two cities and suggest how to raise awareness about human trafficking and improve the responses of law enforcement agencies to the problem.

To purchase full article, go to:

http://ccj.sagepub.com/content/24/3/296.abstrac

The alleviation of sex traffic through a social work lens

Summary: These articles address the alleviation of the child sex trade from a social worker's point of view. As a future educator, I find this extremely helpful, as every employee of a school district also acts as a social worker from time to time. The breakdown the author provides for the "script" of exploitation follows the generally accepted elements: recruitment, extraction, control, violence, and exploitation (this is not necessarily linear - violence, in particular, continues to factor in and is a means of control).




Sexual trafficking in the United States: a domestic problem with transnational dimensions (Social Work)

Hodge DR

Abstract: The trafficking of young women and children for prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation is one of the most significant human rights abuses in contemporary society. In keeping with the social work profession's commitment to social justice, this article examines the issue of sexual trafficking in the United States. The transnational scope of the problem is discussed along with the means that traffickers use to recruit, transport, and initiate victims from around the world into the sex industry in the United States. Some legislative responses to the problem are discussed, and a number of suggestions are offered to help social workers advocate on behalf of some of the most vulnerable and oppressed people in the global community.

Human Rights
Prostitution -- United States

To purchase full article, go to:

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/40544893/Sexual-Trafficking-in-the-United-States-A-Domestic-Problem-with-Transnational-Dimensions

Young People Abused through Prostitution: Some Observations for Practice - Practice (Social Work in Action)

Author: Margaret Melrose

Abstract This paper discusses the situation of young people sexually exploited through prostitution noting the semantic and practical shifts that have occurred in relation to this issue as it has risen up the political agenda in recent years. It explores what we know about the context in which the commercial sexual exploitation of young people occurs, the scale of the problem and the processes through which young people become involved. The paper then considers what these young people might need in terms of practice responses if they are to be supported out of prostitution.

Keywords: young people; commercial sexual exploitation; prostitution; child abuse To purchase full article, go to: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a713665954~frm=abslink?words=young,people,abused,through,prostitution,some,observations,practice

Sex Trafficking Into The United States: A Literature Review (Criminal Justice Review)

(This article is an excellent primer and introduction to the issue of the domestic sex trade)

Edward J. Schauer and

1. Elizabeth M. Wheaton

1. ¹Prairie View A&M University
2. ²Temple University

Abstract

This study is an investigation of the literature relating to the trafficking of women and children into the United States for sexual exploitation. The intent is to discover the extent and complexity of the problem, the cost in both human and economic terms, and research directions toward the development of probable political, legal, economic, and social solutions. A subject rife with research possibilities and probable solutions, trafficking is poorly defined, differentially and intermittently quantified, and handicapped by obsolete legal codes and a sexist prostitution enforcement paradigm. Recommended are state statute creation, police training and paradigm change, and increased/broadened victims’ services.

• sex trafficking
 
• economics
 
• sex work
 
• feminism
 
• United States

• To purchase full article, go to:

• http://cjr.sagepub.com/content/31/2/146.abstract